Advancements in biomass conversion have revolutionized biofuels: production & technologies, making them more efficient and sustainable. Researchers are exploring biochemical and thermochemical processes to enhance fuel yields from feedstocks such as algae, agricultural residues, and waste oils. Innovations in enzymatic hydrolysis and microbial fermentation have significantly improved bioethanol and biodiesel production. Additionally, developments in gasification and pyrolysis are expanding the potential of second- and third-generation biofuels. With continuous progress in bioreactor design and catalytic upgrading, these fuels are becoming viable alternatives to fossil fuels. As global energy demands increase, integrating artificial intelligence and automation into refining processes is further optimizing efficiency. Policymakers and industries are also focusing on reducing carbon footprints and scaling up bio-based energy solutions. The evolving landscape of biofuels: production & technologies underscores the urgent need for sustainable energy transitions and investment in next-generation bioenergy systems.